Pediatrics Digital Core

Mortality / Morbidity in Newborns
* Common Terms
* Factors Associated With Neonatal Mortality

The Placenta
* Placental Development
* The Umbilical Cord
* Chorioamnionitis
* Abnormalities of the Placenta
* Issues of Twins and Their Placentas

Prenatal Care
* Well-Mother Health
* Prophylaxis for Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
* Preterm Complications
* Assessing Fetal Health

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

Operative Vaginal Delivery

Fetal-to-Newborn Transitions
* Respiratory Transitions
* Circulatory Transition after Birth-
* Glucose Transitions
* Water Balance

The Delivery Room
* Apgar
* Delivery Room Resuscitation
* Delivery Room Temperature

The Newborn Examination
* Note
* Gestational Age / Size
* Physical Examination
* Crying in the Newborn
* Temperature
* Skin
* Head
* Eyes
* Ears
* Nose
* Mouth
* Neck
* Chest
* Lungs
* Heart
* Abdomen
* Genitalia
* Anus
* Spinal Column
* Extremities
* Neurologic Exam

Neonatal Prophylaxis
* Eye Prophylaxis
* Vitamin K
* Hepatitis B
* Cord Care
* Circumcision

Neonatal Screening
* Glucose
* Hematocrit
* Blood Type
* Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Hemoglobinopathies
* Hearing
* Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD)
* Toxic Substances / Illicit Drugs

Multiple Births
* Epidemiology
* Prenatal Assessment
* Delivery and Perinatal Problems

Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

Teratogens
* Teratogenic Drugs
* Maternal Exposures and Substance Use
* Maternal Diseases
* Maternal Infections

Infants of Mothers with Diabetes

Congenital Infections
* Overview
* Congenital Syphilis
* Sepsis in the Newborn

Neonatal Respiratory Distress
* Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
* Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
* Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
* Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)
* Apnea-Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)
* Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
* Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum
* Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
* Pulmonary Hemorrhage in the Newborn

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Gastrointestinal (GI) Disorders in Newborns
* Note
* Meconium Plugs
* Meconium Ileus-Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
* Malrotation
* Intestinal Atresia
* Newborn Hyperbilirubinemia

Blood Disorders in the Newborn
* Polycythemia
* Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

Hospital Discharge of the Healthy Newborn

Overview of Growth
* Normal Growth Patterns
* Midparental Height (MPH)
* Growth Charts
* Growth Pattern Variations

Constitutional Growth Delay (CGD)

Failure to Thrive (FTT)

Obesity / Overweight Screening
* Obesity
* Metabolic Syndrome

Head Malformations

Developmental Milestones
* Overview
* Developmental Delay
* Intellectual Disability
* Speech / Language Delay
* Autism Screening
* Extra Questions

School Accommodations and Interventions
* Overview
* Education Plans and Legislation
* Accommodations

Toilet Training
* Overview
* Signs of Readiness
* A Child-Oriented Approach
* Toilet Training Refusal

Discipline

Normal Nutrition

Nutrition, Calorie, and Fluid Requirements
* Overview
* Breastfeeding
* Formula Feeding
* Vitamin and Mineral

Supplementation
* Advancing the Diet
* Enteral Nutrition
* Parenteral Nutrition

Refeeding Syndrome

Nutritional Disorders
* Marasmus
* Kwashiorkor
* Etiology-Based Malnutrition
* Fat-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies
* Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiencies
* Pica

Vegetarian and Vegan Diets

Screening in Children
* Note
* Newborn Screening
* Vision and Hearing Screening
* Body Mass Index (BMI) Screening
* Blood Pressure (BP) Screening
* Lead Screening
* Iron Deficiency Screening
* Autism Spectrum Disorder Screening
* Urine Screening
* Cholesterol and Lipid Screening
* Tuberculosis (TB) Screening
* Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Screening

Dental Care

Sleep Issues

Crying / Colic

Safety and Injury Prevention
* Overview
* Causes of Mortality
* Child Safety Restraints
* Other Safety Items

"The Shots"
* Overview
* Vaccine Administration and Storage
* Live Vaccines
* Adverse Events, Contraindications, and Precautions
* Postexposure Prophylaxis
* Pregnancy
* Vaccine Hesitancy
* The Immunization Schedules
* DTaP / DT / Tdap / Td Vaccine
* Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
* Varicella Vaccine
* Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV) and Oral Poliovirus (OPV)
* Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine
* Hepatitis A Vaccine
* Hepatitis B Vaccine
* Pneumococcal Vaccines
* Meningococcal Vaccine
* Rotavirus Vaccine
* Influenza Vaccine
* Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
* COVID-19 Vaccines

Immigrant and Internationally Adopted Children

Preventive Measures for International Travel

Appendix — Blood Pressure Charts

Special Issues of Adolescents

The Developing Adolescent
* General Considerations
* Adolescent Behavior
* Emancipation and Health Care
* The Adolescent Health Visit
* Eating Disorders
* Self-Injurious Behavior in Adolescents
* Intimate Partner Violence
* Sexual Development
* Contraception
* Sexual Behavior in Children and Adolescents
* Sexual Exploration

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
* Prevalence of STIs
* Prevention
* Reporting and Confidentiality
* Pregnant Adolescents
* Children with STIs
* Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
* STIs Characterized by Genital Ulcers
* STIs with Urethritis and Cervicitis
* Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI)
* Infections with Vaginal Discharge
* Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
* Epididymitis
* Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection
* Cervical Cancer Screening
* Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis
* Ectoparasitic Infections
* Vaccine-Preventable Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

Common Behavioral Issues
* Colic
* Sleep Problems
* Temper Tantrums and Breath Holding
* Stress
* Separation Anxiety
* School Refusal
* School Overachievement
* Repetitive Habits and Behaviors

Psychosocial Issues
* Birth of a Sibling
* Adoption
* Foster Care
* Divorce
* Family Death / Terminal Illness
* Family Chronic Illness
* Impact of Mass Media
* Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health
* Undocumented Immigrants

Disruptive Behaviors
* Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
* Conduct Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
* Overview
* Treatment

Tic Disorders
* Overview
* Tourette Syndrome
* Provisional Tic Disorder

Rett Syndrome

Mental Health Disorders
* Features of Psychotic and Mood Disorders
* Schizophrenia
* Depression
* Bipolar Disorder
* Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)
* Anxiety Disorders
* Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
* Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
* Psychosomatic Disorders
* Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
* Overview
* Comorbidities
* Etiology
* Clinical Findings
* Laboratory
* Treatment
* Prognosis

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
* Overview
* Alcohol
* Nicotine
* Marijuana
* Cocaine
* Psychoactive Drugs
* Synthetic Cathinones (Bath Salts)
* Benzodiazepines (BDZs)
* Barbiturates
* Inhalants
* Hallucinogens
* Androgenic Steroids
* Summary of Key Clinical Findings

Suicide

Poisonings
* Overview
* Initial Management
* Acetaminophen Ingestion
* Salicylate Ingestion
* Ibuprofen Ingestion
* Opiate / Opioid Poisoning
* Antihypertensive Ingestion
* Iron Ingestion
* Anticholinergic Ingestion
* Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) Ingestion
* Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
* Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
* Methemoglobinemia

Environmental Ingestions and Exposures
* Lead
* Carbon Monoxide (CO)
* Cyanide
* Caustic Substance Ingestion
* Hydrocarbon Poisoning
* Ethanol Ingestion
* Methanol Ingestion
* Ethylene Glycol Ingestion
* Organophosphate Poisoning
* Plant Exposures

Foreign Body Ingestion or Aspiration

Bites
* Dog / Cat Bites
* Human Bites
* Snake Bites
* Spider Bites

Laceration and Punctures

Burns
* Overview
* Minor Burn Care
* Major Burn Care

Submersion Injury

Head Injury
* Overview
* Neuroimaging
* Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)

Electrical Burns

Ocular Chemical Burns

Chest Wall Trauma

Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Fractures
* Overview
* Greenstick Fracture
* Torus (Buckle) Fracture
* Spiral Fracture
* Clavicle Fracture
* Distal Humerus (Elbow) Fracture
* Fracture Complications

Subluxation of the Radial Head

Shoulder Injuries

Sprains

Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (BRUE)

Shock

Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)
* Overview
* Circulation
* Postarrest Care

Neonatal Resuscitation

Child Maltreatment Syndromes
* Overview
* Neglect
* Physical Abuse
* Sexual Abuse
* Psychological Maltreatment

Management and Prevention of Maltreatment

Pharmacology
* Overview
* Pharmacokinetics
* Pharmacodynamics
* Bioequivalence

Sedation
* Overview
* Patient Characteristics
* Degrees of Sedation
* Risk Factors for Sedation
* Related Adverse Events (SRAEs)
* SRAEs
* Reduction of SRAEs
* Sedation Agent Profiles

Analgesia
* Overview
* Local and Topical Agent Profiles
* Systemic Treatment Profiles

Congenital Disorders
* Torticollis
* Clubfoot
* Intoeing
* Polydactyly
* Sprengel Deformity
* Klippel-Feil Syndrome
* Osteogenesis Imperfecta
* Achondroplasia
* Scoliosis
* Kyphosis
* Pectus Excavatum
* Pectus Carinatum

Back Pain

Disorders of the Lower Extremity
* Causes of Leg Length Discrepancy
* Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
* Blount Disease

Limb Pain
* Overview
* Evaluation of the Limping Child
* Growing Pains
* Bone Neoplasms
* Osteoid Osteoma
* Osgood-Schlatter Disease
* Transient Synovitis
* Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
* Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)

Heel and Foot Pain

Bone Injuries and Benign Lesions
* Compartment Syndrome
* Growth Plate Injuries
* Bone Lesions
* Osteochondroma
* Traumatic Myositis Ossificans
* Fractures

Preparticipation Physical Evaluation (PPE)

Sports Injury Prevention and Treatment
* Overview
* Heat Illness
* Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI; Concussion)
* Overuse Injuries
* Sprains and Strains
* Shoulder Dislocation / Subluxation
* Knee Injuries
* Ankle Sprain

Nutritional Requirements

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)

Performance-Enhancing Substances (PESs)

Vomiting
* Overview
* Infant Regurgitation
* Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS)
* Rumination Syndrome
* Gastroparesis

Abdominal Pain
* Overview
* History / Workup
* Functional Abdominal Pain

Acute Diarrhea
* History / Workup
* Oral Rehydration Therapy
* Feeding During Acute Diarrhea
* Use of Antidiarrheal Agents

Chronic Diarrhea

Constipation
* Overview
* Infant Dyschezia
* Functional Constipation

Esophagus Disorders
* Tracheoesophageal Fistulas (TEFs) and Esophageal Atresias (EAs)
* Achalasia
* Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER)
* Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)
* Infections of the Esophagus
* Caustic Ingestions
* Pill-Induced Esophagitis
* Ingestion of Foreign Bodies
* Esophageal Perforation
* Esophageal Varices

Stomach Disorders
* Pyloric Stenosis
* Erosive and Hemorrhagic Gastropathy
* Nonerosive Gastropathy
* Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)

Intestinal Disorders
* Malrotation of the Intestine
* Intussusception
* Meckel Diverticulum
* Congenital Intestinal Atresias
* Gastrointestinal (GI) Duplications
* Meconium Ileus
* Carbohydrate Malabsorption
* Congenital Transport Defects
* Short Bowel Syndrome
* Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) Syndrome
* Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy)
* Tropical Sprue
* Whipple Disease
* Appendicitis
* Neutropenic Enterocolitis

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
* Overview
* Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
* Crohn Disease
* Treatment

Colonic Polyps and Tumors
* Overview
* Juvenile Polyps and Juvenile Polyposis
* Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
* Syndromes Linked to PTEN Gene Mutations
* Proteus Syndrome
* Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Congenital Ventral Abdominal Wall Defects
* Occurrence
* Omphalocele
* Gastroschisis

Anorectal Disorders
* Occurrence
* Male Anorectal Disorders
* Female Anorectal Disorders
* Anorectal Disorders Presenting Similarly in Both Sexes

Hirschsprung Disease
* Occurrence-
* Pathogenesis
* Presentation
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas
* Note
* Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
* Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome
* Acute Pancreatitis
* Chronic Pancreatitis

Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tree
* Jaundice Beyond the Neonatal Period
* Congenital Disorders of Liver Structure
* Congenital Anomalies of the Biliary Tree
* Liver Trauma
* Viral Hepatitis
* Metabolic Liver Diseases
* Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI)
* Autoimmune Hepatobiliary Disease
* Biliary Atresia
* Cholelithiasis
* Acute Cholecystitis
* Hydrops of the Gallbladder
* Tumors of the Liver and Biliary Tree

Normal Respiration

Diagnostic Testing
* Lung Volumes and Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
* Pulse Oximetry
* Blood Gas Analysis

Ventilatory Support

Neonatal Stridor
* Note
* Laryngomalacia
* Subglottic Stenosis
* Vocal Cord Paralysis
* Laryngeal Atresia / Webs

Congenital Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract
* Tracheal Disorders
* Pulmonary Hypoplasia
* Congenital Pulmonary Venolobar Syndrome (Scimitar Syndrome)
* Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations (PAVMs)
* Pulmonary Sequestrations
* Bronchogenic Cysts
* Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)
* Diaphragm Malformations

Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure

Stridor Beyond the Neonatal Period
* Infection
* Paradoxical Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD)

Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract
* Note
* Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
* Epiglottitis
* Bacterial Tracheitis

Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract
* Bronchiolitis
* Pneumonia — General Considerations
* Viral Pneumonia
* Acute Bacterial Pneumonia
* Atypical Pneumonias
* Fungal Pneumonias
* Recurrent Pneumonia
* Tuberculosis (TB)

Asthma
* Overview
* Classification
* Comorbidities and Triggers
* Treatment
* Acute Exacerbation

Differential Diagnosis of Wheezing

Nonasthma Causes of Chronic Cough
* Overview
* Common Causes
* Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)
* Bronchiolitis Obliterans (BO)
* Bronchiectasis

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
* Overview
* Manifestations
* Diagnosis
* Treatment
* Complications

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD)

α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD)
* Overview
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Hemoptysis
* Overview
* Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (IPH)

Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs)
* Overview
* Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP)
* Sarcoidosis
* Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

The Lungs in Autoimmune Diseases
* Overview
* Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
* Scleroderma
* Sjögren Syndrome
* Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
* Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane (Anti-GBM)
* Disease with Pulmonary Hemorrhage

Appendix — Asthma Treatment Regimens

Congenital Anomalies of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
* Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)
* Syringomyelia
* Hydrocephalus
* Chiari Malformation
* Klippel-Feil Syndrome
* Migrational Anomalies
* Polymicrogyria
* Lissencephaly
* Schizencephaly
* Holoprosencephaly
* Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

Cerebral Palsy (CP)
* Definitions
* Etiology
* Types of CP
* Seizures and Intellectual Disability
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Chorea

Narcolepsy

Cerebrovascular Diseases
* Overview
* Clinical Features
* Differential Diagnosis
* Ischemic Stroke
* Hemorrhagic Stroke
* Cerebral Vein Thrombosis

Injury / Trauma to the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
* Occurrence
* Scalp Injuries
* Skull Fractures
* Parenchymal Injuries
* Spinal Cord Injury
* Common Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Cranial Nerve (CN) Abnormalities
* CN Review
* Facial Nerve Palsy
* Marcus Gunn Phenomenon

Seizure Disorders
* Occurrence
* Generalized Seizures
* Focal Seizures
* Infantile Spasms
* Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
* Posttraumatic Seizures
* Neurocutaneous Syndromes
* Other Seizure Types
* Management
* Drug Therapy and Side Effects
* Common Epilepsy Questions
* Status Epilepticus
* Neonatal Seizures
* Febrile Seizures

Headache
* Etiologies
* Primary Headache Disorders
* Organic Headaches
* CT / MRI Evaluation of Headaches

Neuromuscular Diseases
* Overview
* Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
* Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
* Becker Muscular Dystrophy
* Myasthenia Gravis
* Guillain-Barré Syndrome
* Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
* Botulism
* Transverse Myelitis
* Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Ataxia
* Overview
* Acute Cerebellar Ataxia of Childhood
* Friedreich Ataxia
* Ataxia Telangiectasia

Other Diseases of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Physical Examination
* Overview
* Skin
* Arterial Pulses
* Venous Pulses
* Inspection and Palpation
* Auscultation of the Heart
* Common Pediatric Murmurs

The 15-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG)
* The Basics
* Axis Deviations
* Rates and Intervals
* Waveforms and Segments
* Ventricular Hypertrophy

Chest Pain
* Overview
* Acute-Onset, Severe Chest Pain
* Chronic and Recurrent Chest Pain

Syncope

Cardiovascular Preparticipation Physical Evaluation

Preventive Cardiology

Arrhythmias
* Mechanisms of Arrhythmias
* Clinical Manifestations of Cardiac Arrhythmias / Dysrhythmias
* Sinus Bradycardia, Sinus Arrhythmia, and Extrasystoles
* Supraventricular Arrhythmias
* Ventricular Arrhythmias
* Cardiac Pacing

Sick Sinus Syndrome

Antiarrhythmic Drugs (AADs)

Conduction Disorders
* Long QT Syndrome
* Atrioventricular (AV) Blocks
* Heart Block Treatment
* Bundle-Branch Block (BBB)

Occurrence / Causes of Congenital Heart Disease

Left-to-Right Shunts
* Overview
* Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
* Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
* Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
* Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
* Complete AV Canal Defect
* Pulmonary Hypertension
* Eisenmenger Syndrome

Right-to-Left Shunts
* Overview
* Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
* Transposition of the Great Arteries
* Tricuspid Atresia
* Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum

Other Cyanotic Lesions — “Mixing” Lesions
* Overview
* Truncus Arteriosus
* Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
* Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

Malpositions

Obstructive Lesions
* Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)
* Aortic Stenosis (AS)
* Supravalvular AS
* Pulmonic Stenosis (PS; Pulmonary Stenosis)
* Peripheral Branch Stenosis
* Mitral Stenosis
* Tricuspid Stenosis
* Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Regurgitant Lesions
* Aortic Regurgitation
* Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
* Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
* Pulmonic Regurgitation
* Tricuspid Regurgitation
* Ebstein Anomaly (EA)

Coronary Artery Anomalies
* Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery
* Anomalous Origin of the Left or Right Coronary Artery From the Aorta

Vascular Rings and Slings

Rheumatic Fever (RF)
* Causes / Signs and Symptoms
* Manifestations
* Proof of Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
* Treatment
* Prognosis

Endocarditis
* Infective Endocarditis
* Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis

Kawasaki Disease (KD)

Myocarditis

Cardiomyopathy
* Overview
* Dilated Cardiomyopathy
* Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
* Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Pericardial Diseases
* Pericarditis
* Constrictive Pericarditis
* Postpericardiotomy Syndrome

Heart Failure (HF)
* Overview
* Symptoms
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Normal Renal Physiology and Diuretics
* Overview
* Glomerulus
* Proximal Convoluted Tubule
* Loop of Henle
* Distal Convoluted Tubule
* Collecting Duct
* Diuretics — Notes To Know!

Renal Testing
* Urinalysis (U/A)
* Kidney Function
* Imaging
* Kidney Biopsy
* Serum pH

Composition of Body Fluids
* Total Body Water (TBW)
* Fluid Compartments
* Osmolality and Volume Status
* Normal Fluid Requirements

Electrolyte Abnormalities
* Sodium
* Potassium
* Calcium

Acid-Base Disorders
* Respiratory vs. Metabolic Disorders
* Mechanisms
* Anion Gaps
* Osmol Gap (OG)
* Analysis of Acid-Base Problems
* Metabolic Alkalosis
* Metabolic Acidosis

Hematuria

Glomerulonephritis (GN)
* Overview
* Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis (PIGN)
* Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN)
* Lupus Nephritis
* Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
* Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy
* IgA Vasculitis Nephritis (IgAV Nephritis)
* Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease (Anti-GBM Disease)
* Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)
* Positive Focal Necrotizing Glomerulonephritis

Proteinuria

Nephrotic Syndrome
* Overview
* Complications
* Minimal Change Disease (MCD)
* Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
* Membranous Nephropathy

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
* Occurrence
* Clinical Manifestations
* Laboratory Findings
* Treatment

Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
* Overview
* Distal (Type 1) RTA
* Proximal (Type 2) RTA
* Type 4 RTA (Hypoaldosteronism)-Types of RTA — Review
* RTA Scenarios

Hereditary Glomerulopathies
* Alport Syndrome
* Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy
* Denys-Drash Syndrome
* Fabry Disease
* Nail-Patella Syndrome

Cystic Diseases of the Kidneys
* Polycystic Kidney Disease
* Nephronophthisis (NPH)
* Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
* Medullary Sponge Kidney
* Bardet-Biedl Syndrome
* Congenital Cystic Anomalies of the Kidney

Tubular and Interstitial Diseases
* Overview
* Renal Tubular Acidosis
* Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
* Chronic Interstitial Nephritis (CIN)

Other Drug-Induced Nephropathies

Hypertension (HTN)

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
* Overview
* Prerenal AKI
* Intrinsic (Intrarenal) AKI
* Obstructive (Postrenal) AKI
* Tips to Etiology of AKI
* Treatment

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
* Overview
* Clinical Manifestations
* Diagnosis
* Management
* Dialysis
* Kidney Transplant

Pregnancy and Kidney Disease

Kidney-Associated Anemias

Kidney Stones
* Overview
* Calcium
* Struvite
* Cystine
* Uric Acid
* Treatment for Ureteral Obstruction

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Normal Development and Urologic Abnormalities
* Normal Renal Development
* Prenatally Diagnosed Hydronephrosis
* Kidney and Ureter Anomalies
* Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
* Bladder and Urethral Abnormalities
* Disorders of Voiding
* Inguinal Swelling and Masses
* Male Genital System Abnormalities
* Female Genital System Abnormalities

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Disorders
* Overview
* Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
* Hypopituitarism and Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency
* Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
* Endocrine Causes of Hyponatremia
* Primary Hyperpituitarism

Puberty
* The Pituitary and the Hypothalamic Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis
* Clinical Physiology
* Precocious Puberty

Thyroid Disorders
* Normal Thyroid Physiology
* Thyroid Function Tests (TFTs)
* Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG)
* Scans / Ultrasound
* Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
* Hypothyroidism
* Hyperthyroidism
* Thyroid Cancer

Parathyroid Disorders
* Overview
* Hypoparathyroidism
* Pseudohypoparathyroidism
* Rickets
* Hyperparathyroidism
* Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH)
* Granulomatous Disease
* Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Adrenal Disorders
* The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
* Adrenal Insufficiency

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
* Overview
* Causes
* Clinical Manifestations
* Laboratory Findings
* Diagnosis
* Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
* Postdelivery Treatment

Cushing Syndrome
* Overview
* Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
* Independent Cushing Syndrome
* ACTH
* Dependent Cushing Syndrome
* Clinical Manifestations
* Laboratory Findings
* Differential Diagnosis
* Treatment

Hyperaldosteronism
* Overview
* Primary Hyperaldosteronism
* Secondary Hyperaldosteronism

Pseudohyperaldosteronism

Pheochromocytoma (Pheo)
* Overview
* Clinical Manifestations
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Male Hypogonadism
* Primary Hypogonadism
* Secondary (Hypogonadotropic) Hypogonadism

Female Hypogonadism
* Note
* Primary Hypogonadism
* Secondary Hypogonadism
* Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Gynecomastia

Differences of Sexual Development (DSDs)
* Overview
* 46,XX DSDs
* 46,XY DSDs
* Ovotesticular DSD
* Congenital Genital Malformations

Polyuria in a Child

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
* Overview
* Type 1 DM
* Type 2 DM
* Metabolic Syndrome
* Monogenic Diabetes — Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth (MODY)
* Insulin Resistance Syndromes

Hypoglycemia

Hypersensitivity Reactions
* Overview
* Type 1 — Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction
* Type 2 — Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
* Type 3 — Immune Complex (IC) Hypersensitivity
* Type 4 — Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity

Allergic Disorders
* Overview
* Anaphylaxis
* Urticaria
* Angioedema
* Asthma
* Allergic Rhinitis and Conjunctivitis
* Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
* Mediated Food Allergy
* Non-IgE-Mediated Food Allergy
* Insect Allergy
* Latex Allergy
* Radiocontrast Media (RCM) Reactions
* Allergy Testing and Other Laboratory Tests

Adverse Drug Reactions
* Overview
* Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
* Mediated Penicillin Allergy
* Vancomycin Reactions
* Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Syndrome
* Fixed Drug Eruption
* Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
* Serum Sickness (SS) and Serum Sickness–Like Reactions (SSLRs)

Mastocytosis

Eczema
* Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
* Contact Dermatitis

Review of the Immune System
* Note
* The Innate Immune System
* The Adaptive Immune System
* Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
* Innate and Adaptive Overlap
* Innate-Like Cells
* Cells of the Immune System
* Cell Recognition and Communication

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)

Lymphoid Cells
* Lymphocytes
* Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Myeloid Cells

Antibodies

Complement
* Overview
* The 3 Complement Pathways
* Common Terminal Pathway — Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Immunodeficiencies
* Overview
* Primary B-Cell Immunodeficiencies
* Primary T-Cell Immunodeficiencies
* Combined B- and T-Cell Immunodeficiencies
* Phagocyte Disorders
* Complement Disorders
* Screening Tests for Immunodeficiencies
* Vaccine Use in Immunocompromised Children

Congenital and Perinatal Infections
* Overview
* Toxoplasmosis
* Syphilis
* Rubella
* Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
* Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
* Human Parvovirus B19
* Varicella
* Enterovirus
* Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
* Listeria
* Congenital Zika Syndrome

Infectious Disease Syndromes
* Fever Without a Source (FWS) in Infants and Children
* Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
* Lymphadenopathy
* Sepsis
* Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections
* Gastrointestinal (GI) Infections
* Genitourinary and Sexually Transmitted Infections
* Soft Tissue Infections
* Bone and Joint Infections
* Infective Endocarditis (IE)
* Health Care–Associated (Nosocomial) Infections

Vaccines

Prevention of Infectious Diseases
* Note
* Child Care Centers
* Hospital and Office Infection Control
* Infections Transmitted via Breast Milk

Evaluation of International Adoptees
* Overview
* Immunizations

Bacteria
* Gram-Positive Cocci
* Gram-Positive Rods
* Gram-Negative Cocci
* Gram-Negative Coccobacilli
* Gram-Negative Rods
* Atypical Organisms
* Gram-Variable Bacteria
* Anaerobes
* Acid-Fast Bacteria

Spirochetes
* Syphilis
* Leptospirosis
* Lyme Disease

Fungi
* Overview
* Candida
* Cryptococcus
* Coccidioides, Histoplasma, and Blastomyces
* Aspergillosis
* Dermatophytes
* Malassezia
* Sporotrichosis
* Mucormycosis
* Pneumocystis jiroveci

Parasites
* Classification
* Protozoa
* Helminths
* Testing for Parasitic Diseases

Viruses
* Herpes viruses
* Rubella (German Measles)
* Rubeola (Measles)
* Retroviruses
* Respiratory Viruses
* Enteroviruses
* Polio
* Rotavirus
* Calcivirus
* Hepatitis Viruses
* Rabies
* Mumps
* Parvovirus B19
* Arboviruses
* Chikungunya Virus
* Dengue Fever
* Zika Virus
* Hantavirus
* Ebola Virus
* Slow Viruses
* Prion Diseases

HIV and AIDS
* Note
* Virus Structure and Life Cycle
* Prevalence and Transmission
* Signs and Symptoms
* Diagnosis
* Treatment of HIV Infection

Antibiotics
* Overview
* Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis and Function
* Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
* Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis and Function
* Antibiotics and the Pregnant or Breastfeeding Woman

Antibiotic Overuse

Antiviral Agents

Antifungal Agents
* Polyenes
* Imidazoles
* Triazoles
* Echinocandins
* Other Systemic Antifungals
* Other Topical Antifungals

Antiparasitic Drugs

Neonatal Dermatology
* Aplasia Cutis Congenita
* Rashes
* A Few Infectious Rashes
* Vascular Abnormalities
* Pigmented Lesions

Genetic Skin Disorders
* Ichthyoses
* Genetic Pigmentation Disorders
* Neurocutaneous Disorders
* Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)
* Ehlers
* Danlos Syndrome
* Genetic Disorders of the Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands, and Teeth

Disorders of Pigmentation
* Nevi
* Vitiligo
* Lichen Striatus
* Lichen Nitidus
* Lichen Sclerosus
* Acanthosis Nigricans
* Hyperpigmentation
* Mastocytosis

Common Skin Problems
* Atopic Dermatitis
* Seborrheic Dermatitis
* Intertrigo
* Contact Dermatitis
* Infantile Acne
* Acne Vulgaris
* Acne Rosacea
* Alopecia
* Hidradenitis Suppurativa
* Terra Firma
* Forme Dermatosis (TFFD)
* Keratolysis Exfoliativa

Oral Findings

Cutaneous Drug Reactions
* Overview
* Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)

Inflammatory Skin Diseases
* Psoriasis
* Reactive Arthritis
* Cutaneous Lupus
* Neonatal Lupus
* Sarcoidosis
* Erythema Nodosum (EN)
* Pyoderma Gangrenosum (PG)
* Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM)
* Vasculitis
* Pityriasis Lichenoides Et Varioliformis Acuta (PLEVA)

Vitamin Deficiencies
* Hyperpigmentation
* Zinc Deficiency
* Eruption Seen in Cystic Fibrosis
* Biotin Deficiency
* Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency

Skin Infections
* Bacterial Infections
* Rickettsial Infections
* Spirochetal Infections
* Viral Infections
* Fungal Infections
* Parasitic Infections

Purpura
* Overview
* Hemostasis Abnormalities
* Defects in Vascular Integrity

Blistering Lesions
* Pemphigus Vulgaris
* Porphyria Cutanea Tarda (PCT)
* Photosensitivity Reactions
* Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH)
* Papular Urticaria
* Erythema Multiforme (EM)
* Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis

Round and Annular Lesions
* Granuloma Annulare (GA)
* Nummular Eczema
* Pityriasis Rosea

Biostatistics
* Diagnostic Testing and Screening
* Study Designs and Data Analysis

Evidence-Based Medicine
* Formulating a Clinical Question
* Searching for Evidenc
* Critical Appraisal of the Literature
* Applying the Evidence

Ethics
* Autonomy, Beneficence, and Rights
* Special Medical Circumstances

Quality and Safety
* Clinical Quality Measurements
* Prevention Strategies to Reduce Medical Errors
* Patient Experience

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
* Terminology / Occurrence
* JIA Types
* Differential Diagnosis
* Treatment
* Outcomes

Arthritis Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Infection-Related Arthritis
* Infectious Arthritis
* Reactive Arthritis

Vasculitides
* Overview
* Small-Vessel Vasculitides
* Medium-Vessel Vasculitides
* Large-Vessel Vasculitis
* Vasculitides of > 1 Vessel Size

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
* Overview
* Diagnosis
* Treatment
* Prognosis

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)

Sjörgren Syndrome (SS)

Autoimmune Myopathies
* Overview
* Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM)
* Juvenile Polymyositis

Scleroderma
* Scleroderma Disorders
* Localized Scleroderma
* Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis (JSSc)

Sarcoidosis

Pain Syndromes
* Growing Pains
* Hypermobility Syndrome
* Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes (AMPS)

Amyliodosis

Periodic Fever Syndromes
* Overview
* Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis and Cervical Adenitis (PFAPA) Syndrome
* Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)
* Hyper–Immunoglobulin D Syndrome (HIDS)
* Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS)
* Other Causes of Periodic Fevers

Normal Visual Development
* Anatomy of the Eye
* Some Important Basics

Eye Disorders
* Overview
* Cataracts
* Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
* Dacryostenosis (Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction)
* Stye / Chalazion
* Strabismus
* Amblyopia
* Color Vision Defects
* Cortical Visual Impairment
* Nystagmus
* Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
* Glaucoma
* Painful Erythematous Eye
* Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis
* Papilledema
* Retinoblastoma
* Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
* Hyphema
* Orbital Blowout Fracture

Ear Disorders
* Anatomy of the Ear
* Preauricular Sinuses and Pits
* External Ear
* Middle Ear
* Hearing Problems
* Tympanograms

Congenital Disorders of the Nose
* Choanal Atresia

Acquired Disorders of the Nose
* Nasal Foreign Body
* Epistaxi
* Nasal Polyps
* Nasal Fractures
* Nasal Septal Hematoma

Congenital Disorders of the Mouth and Pharynx
* Cleft Lip and Palate
* Lingual Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
* Lingual Thyroid
* Thyroglossal Duct Cysts

Teeth

Infections of the Mouth, Nose, Pharynx, and Upper Respiratory Tract
* The Common Cold
* Acute Sinusitis
* Chronic Rhinosinusitis
* Submandibular Space Infection (Ludwig Angina)
* Acute Pharyngitis
* Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA)
* Retropharyngeal Abscess
* Tonsillectomy
* Adenoidectomy

Neck
* Cervical Lymphadenopathy (LA)
* Laryngitis / Hoarseness
* Neck Mass

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Key Definitions in Genetic Disorders

Risks of Genetic Disease and Diagnostic Testing
* Genetic Disease Risk Factors
* Prenatal Testing
* Postnatal Diagnostic Testing

Chromosomal Defects
* Overview
* Autosomal Trisomy Syndromes
* Sex Chromosome Syndromes
* Microdeletion Syndromes
* Duplication

Single Gene Defects
* Patterns of Inheritance

Multifactorial Inheritance

Twins Facts

Genetic Conditions Organized by Presenting Symptoms
* Poor Growth / Short Stature
* Bone Marrow Dysfunction
* Chromosomal Instability Syndromes
* Craniofacial Malformations
* Skeletal Dysplasias
* Bone Fragility Disorders — Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
* Connective Tissue Disorders
* Neurocutaneous Syndromes
* Familial Cancer Syndromes
* Congenital Anomaly Syndromes

The MedStudy Hub: Your Guidelines and Review Articles Resource

Appendix — Congenital Anomaly Syndromes

Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEMs)
* Metabolism Review
* Causes
* Inheritance Patterns
* Mitochondrial Inheritance

Intoxications
* Overview
* Presentations
* Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
* Urea Cycle Disorders
* Organic Acidemias
* Sugar Intolerances

Energy Utilization Defects
* Overview
* Presentation
* Defects in Fat Metabolism
* Glycogen Storage Diseases (GSDs)
* Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Disorders

Complex-Molecule Defects
* Overview
* Lysosomal Storage Disorders
* Sphingolipidoses
* Peroxisomal Disorders
* Disorders of Mineral Absorption or Metabolism
* Purine Disorders
* Disorders of Lipids and Lipoproteins

Newborn Screening (NBS)

Developmental Changes of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
* Sites of Blood Formation
* RBC Indices
* Production Rates and Normal Values
* Hemoglobin
* Oxygen Transport

Anemia
* Normal Erythropoiesi
* Clinical Manifestations
* Laboratory Results
* Etiology

Stem Cell Disorders
* Aplastic Anemia
* Fanconi Anemia
* Red Cell Aplasia

White Blood Cell (WBC) Disorders
* Neutropenia
* Disorders of Neutrophil Function
* Disorders of Eosinophils
* Disorders of Basophils

Hemostasis
* Hemostatic Process
* Normal Clotting Sequence
* Clot Limitation and Dissolution
* Clinical Evaluation of Bleeding Disorders
* Lab Tests in Bleeding Disorders
* Disorders of Primary Hemostasis
* Disorders of Secondary Hemostasis
* Thrombotic Disorders
* Anticoagulation Treatment
* Transfusion Treatment

Cancer Incidence

Hematologic Malignancies
* Leukemia
* Lymphoma

Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
* Overview
* Epidemiology of Brain Tumors
* Presentation
* Diagnosis
* Treament
* Glioma
* Medulloblastomas
* Ependymoma
* Germ Cell Tumors (GCTs)
* Craniopharyngioma
* Meningioma
* Spinal Cord Compression from a Mass

Neuroblastoma
* Occurrence
* Pathology
* Presentation
* Diagnosis
* Treatment
* Prognostic Indicators

Wilms Tumor
* Overview
* Pathology and Staging
* Presentation
* Treatment

Rhabdomyosarcoma
* Occurrence
* Pathology
* Presentation
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Retinoblastoma
* Occurance
* Pathology
* Presentation
* Diagnosis
* Treatment

Bone Neoplasms and Benign Tumors
* Overview
* Osteosarcoma

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